Molecular Biology of the Cell Cardiovascular System

Question: Discuss about the Molecular Biology of the Cell for Cardiovascular System. Answer: Cardiovascular system consists of different parts like heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, coronary vessels and portal veins. Heart performs function of supplying oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Superior and inferior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from lung to the right atrium. This deoxygenated blood is emptied into the right ventricle by passing through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. From right ventricle this blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery through pulmonary valve for re-oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. Blood is purified in the lungs and this newly purified and oxygenated blood enters left atrium through pulmonary vein. This blood then passed through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From left ventricle blood is pumped to the different parts of the body through aortic semilunar valve and aorta which is main artery of the body. Aorta gives many branches called as arteries and these arteries supplies oxygenated blood to the all other body parts. Wall of aorta is elastic and this aid in maintaining blood pressure through entire human body. Aorta gives rise to arteries of larger size at its origin and its size goes on decreasing at the end. These arteries further become narrower into the arterioles which are small diameter blood vessel and these arterioles has muscular wall. These arterioles further branched into the capillaries and these capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the human body with one cell layer thickness. Diameter of these capillaries is around 5 10 m. These capillaries are the connecting link between arterioles and venules. These capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, nutrients and waste matter between blood and body tissues. Individual capillaries do not carry out this function; however network of capillaries those are supplying to the different tissues and organs perform this function of transport. Venules are the small blood vessel which supplies deoxygenated blood from the capillaries to the veins. Venules have the diameter in the range form 7-50 m. Walls of venules comprised of three layers such as inner endothelium, middle layer of muscle and el astic tissue and outer fibrous connective tissue. Many venules combine to form veins. These veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body tissues to the heart and pulmonary and umbilical veins are exception for this, as these veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart. Veins are also called as capacitance vessels because around 60 % blood volume is contained in the veins. Adult human body has about four to five liters of blood. Blood is a liquid connective tissue and performs the function of transport of nutrients, waste matter and gases and helps in maintaining homeostasis of the body. Blood is comprised of red blood cells, white blood cell, platelets and liquid plasma. Red blood cells are biconcave in shape and it performs the function of transport of oxygen in the blood. White blood cells functions as bodys immune system. Part 2. Respiratory system component Structure Function Trachea Is a cartilaginous tube, In Adult human inner diameter of trachea is about has 25 millimetres and a length is approximately 10 to 16 centimetres, trachea contains about 15-20 C-shaped tracheal hyaline cartilages. Trachea performs the function of transporting the air which person breaths in through nose to the lungs. Trachea also performs function of preventing entry of microbes and harmful substances into the lungs. Bronchus Trachea divides into right bronchus and left bronchus. In adult human, right bronchus is 2.5 cm long and left bronchus is 5 cm long Alveolar ducts and alveoli of bronchus contain squamous epithelium and it permits exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood in the blood vessels which spreads across the alveolar ducts and alveoli. Bronchiole Bronchi divide further into bronchioles. Bronchioles are approximately less than 1 mm in diameter and its wall consist of ciliated cuboidal epithelium and a layer of smooth muscle. Bronchioles carry oxygen from nose to the alveoli or air sacs in the lungs and stabilize ventilation. Constricting and expanding property of smooth muscular walls of the bronchioles help to control airflow and stop irritants from entering in the lungs. Lungs Human has right lung and left lung. Total weight of lung is approximately 1.3 kg. Lungs are located in the chest region in between rib cages. Right lung is divided in to three parts like upper, m idle and lower lobe. Horizontal fissure separates upper lobe form the middle lobe. Oblique fissure separates middle and upper lobe. Oblique fissure divides left lung into upper and lower lobe. Lung performs function of breathing in which air enters and leaves the lung. In respiration, oxygen is inhaled into the body through nose and expelled carbon dioxide from the blood. Air is inhaled into the lungs in inspiration and it is expelled put in expiration. This exchange of gas occurs at alveoli of lung. Lung performs function of protection from infection due to presence of clilia on the epithelium and contains mucous. Lung clears all the air-borne infection through a process called mucociliary secretion. Diaphragm Diaphragm is a dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle and fibrous tissue. Diaphragm performs important role in breathing. When diaphragm contract, thoracic cavity volume increase and air is drained into the lungs. Part 3. Digestive system component Structure Function Mouth Mouth contains salivary glands, teeth and the tongue. Vestibule and the oral cavity proper are the two regions of the mouth. Mouth is lined by mucous membrane. Moth performs function of chewing and breaking of food and mixing with saliva to make food more absorbable. Esophagus Esophagus is a muscular tube between pharynx and stomach. In adults its average length id 25 cm. Esophagus is divided into cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts. Esophagus transports food from mouth to stomach through muscular peristalsis. Stomach Stomach is J shaped organ and connects duodenum and esophagus. Stomach is divided into four sections like gastric cardia, fundus, body and pylorus. Gastric acid comprising of hydrochloric and sodium chloride, plays significant role in the digestive process. Pylorus aids in emptying food content in the small intestine. Small intestine Small intestine connects stomach to the large intestine. In human adults, average length of small intestine is around 7.0 m and diameter is around 2.5-3 cm. Small intestine is divided in to three parts like duodenum (approximately 20-25 cm long), jejunum (approximately 2.5 m long) and ileum (approximately 3.0 m long). Small intestine performs function of proteins, carbohydrate and lipids under the influence of photolytic enzymes, amylases and lipases respectively. Villi and microvilli present on the inner wall of the intestine facilitate absorption of nutrients. Gut flora in the intestine supports immune system of the body. Large intestine In human average length of large intestine is approximately 1.5 metre. It comprises of cecum (8.7 cm inner corcumference), colon, rectum (5.7 cm), and anal canal. Colon comprises of ascending (6.6 cm), transverse (5.8 cm) and descending colon (6.3 cm). Large intestine is specifically performing function of processing waste material. Alveoli Alveoli is a hollow cavity at the end of respiratory tree. Exchange of gases between lungs and blood. Nasal cavity Nasal cavity is a hollow space and the entry point of respiratory tract. It is lined with mucus membrane and hairs. Air enters into body and get filtered through nasal cavity. Larynx Hollw muscular organ between laryngopharynx to the trachea. Aid air passage to lungs. Epiglottis It is made of elastic cartilage present at entrance of larynx. It prevents aspiration. TAQ.2: Air is inhaled and exhaled in and out of the body through nose. At the time of inspiration oxygen enters into the body and during expiration carbon dioxide is thrown out form the body. This whole process is called as breathing or ventilation. When air is inhaled, diaphragm gets contracted and there is increase in the volume of thoracic cavity and decrease in the pressure in the thorax region which results in the enlargement of the lungs and this leads to the entry of the inhaled air along with oxygen into the lungs through trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. In trachea due to the presence of cilia and mucociliary action air and oxygen without contamination enters the lung. At the terminal end of the bronchiole alveolar ducts and sacs are present. These alveolar ducts and sacs are innervated with the blood capillaries. Surface of alveoli are main location for the gaseous exchange. Oxygen inhaled from the environment which is present in the alveolar duct and sacs passed through the alve olar capillaries into the blood stream through process of diffusion. This oxygenated blood enters the left atrium of the heart and pumped into left ventricle. From left ventricle blood is transported to different parts of the body through aorts, arteries. These arteries are innervated to different parts of the body and supply oxygen through the blood. Also carbon dioxide which is collected as waste product forms the different parts of the body comes into contact with the surface of alveolar ducts and sacs through alveolar capillaries. Superior and inferior vena cava collect deoxygenated blood from the lung to the right atrium and again pass on to the right ventricle. From right ventricle blood pumped into the pulmonary artery and carried to the lungs for re-oxygenation. This deoxygenated blood while transporting through lungs comes into contact with alveolar air and there is a very thin wall of approximately 0.5 m thickness present between blood and air. Hence, pressure of gas (PO2 and PCo2) in the blood automatically gets equilibrated with the alveoli. Increase in the PCo2 leads to the slight decrease in the PO2 and this result in the deep and faster breathing and inhalation of more oxygen until PO2 returns to normal level. On the other side if PCo2 falls and PO2 increases and this leads to the slower breathing and exhalation of carbon dioxide gets reduced. Gas exchange in the lungs mainly occurs through the process of diffusion that means gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide moves from the high concentration to the low concentration. If PO2 is less in alveoli, oxygen diffuse into alveoli and if PCo2 is more in blood capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuse into alveoli and exhaled through expiration. This carbon dioxide gets transported into the alveolar venules through diffusion. This carbon dioxide once entered into the alveoli, gets expelled out through the route of bronchiole, bronchi, trachea and nose. During this exhalation of carbon dioxide diaphragm gets relaxed and chest and abdomen returns to their elasticity directed position. This resting position of the thorax leads to the exhalation of the carbon dioxide. TAQ.3. Digestive enzymes are the enzymes which break down macromolecular polymers like fats, carbohydrate and proteins in to their smaller forms and convert them into easily absorbable form. Based on their target macromolecules enzymes can be classified as lipases which break down proteins into their peptides and amino acids, amylases break down polymeric carbohydrates into monomeric carbohydrates, lipases break down fats and lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Different parts of the digestive tract secrets different enzymes and these enzymes plays different role in the digestion of the food. Salivary glands in the mouth secrets different enzymes like lingual lipase, salivary amylase and lysozyme. Enzymes of the salivary gland perform both the functions of digestion of food substances and prevention of infection due to food. Stomach secrets gastric enzymes. Pepsin secreted by the stomach breaks down proteins into peptide and amino acids. This protein digestion for the first time starts in the stomach and digestion of carbohydrates and fays starts in the mouth. Gastric chief cells secrets gastric lipase which is an acidic lipase facilitates fat hydrolysis. Pancreatic juice of the pancreases secrets different enzymes like trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen carboxypeptidase and elastases are the proteolytic enzymes. Pancreatic lipases and amylase digest lipids and carbohydrate respectively. Pancreas also secrets sterol esterase and phospholipase. Some of the enzymes available in the small intestine are primarily secreted by the pancreas and transported to the small intestine through pancreatic duct. These enzymes enter the small intestine under the influence of cholecystokinin hormone. Across the lining of the small intestine there are many enzymes secreted and these enzymes digest chime form stomach into smaller particles which are more absorbable. Peptones and polypeptides get converted in to amino acids by erepsin. Maltose gets converted into glucose by maltase. Lactose gets converted into glucose and galactose by lactase. Sucrose gets converted into glucose and fructose by sucrose. Cardiovascular System: Cardiovascular system through its numerous blood vessels and blood transport important nutrients, oxygen, hormones and enzymes to cells in the entire body. Cardiovascular system also performs function of removing nitrogenous waste from the body and expelling carbon dioxide from the blood. Cells need oxygen and n the blood capillaries, oxygen diffuses out of the blood and transports in the cells of the human body. Cells required to remove carbon dioxide, gets absorbed into blood circulation transported to the lungs for purification. Cells requisite nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins. Blood supplies these nutrients to the cells. Respiratory system: Oxygen intake and removal of carbon dioxide is very essential for cells for normal functioning. Respiratory system inhale oxygen from the atmosphere through breathing. This inhaled oxygen enters lungs and oxygen enters into the blood capillaries (arteries). This inhaled oxygen through blood capillaries (arteries) transported to the cells present in the different parts of the body. Carbon dioxide exchange occurs between cells of the body and blood capillaries (venules). Carbon dioxide transported from the blood capillaries to the heart and subsequently to the lungs. From lungs carbon dioxide expeleeted through breathing. Gastrointestinal system: Every cell requires nutrients for their growth and maintenance. Digestive system brakes down the consumed food in the form of macromolecules into the smaller and easily absorbable particles. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins get digested into sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids, respectively. These sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids can be easily absorbed. This digestive process occurs both through mechanical and enzymatic means. This digested food material easily gets absorbed through the intestine as intestine is the main site for the absorption. Intestine contains villi and microvilli and this villus contains blood vessels and food gets absorbed. Absorbed food nutrient is transported to the cells through blood vessels. References: Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walters, P., Molecular Biology of the Cell , (4th ed.). New York and London, Garland Science, 2002. Tortora, G. J., Anagnostakos, N. P., Principles of anatomy and physiology, Seventh ed. New York, Harper Row, Publishers, 1993. Arthur, G. and John, H., Guyton Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11 th edn. Elsevier Saunders, 2006. Kong, F. and Singh, R.P, Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach, Journal of Food Science, vol. 73, no. 5, 2008, p. R67. Tortora, G. J., Anagnostakos, N. P., Principles of anatomy and physiology, Seventh ed. New York, Harper Row, Publishers, 1993. West, J.B., Respiratory physiology-the essentials. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins, 2011. Tortora, G. J., Anagnostakos, N. P., Principles of anatomy and physiology, Seventh ed. New York, Harper Row, Publishers, 1993.

Cross Cultural Team Management Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cross Cultural Team Management. Answer: The global teams often face the challenge of successfulmanagement of the cross-cultural teams. The global teams should have fairness, consistency and responsiveness as they have vast operations (Carter et al. 2015). There are different challenges that are being faced by the global teams such as different time zones, cultural differences, language backgrounds and limited face-to face interaction. The earlier assignment failed to identify the solutions for managing the challenges of managing the global teams (Holmqvist and Ericson 2014). It is important to understand the ways of creating strong portfolio teams. This research paper would strive to seek various ways of managing the global teams in a smooth manner. Project Objectives The project would aim to identify the various ways of smooth management of the cross-cultural teams. There are instances when the global managers either lack the time or lack the knowledge of better utilization of the cross border teams. This research aims to provide suitable answers to the problems faced by the global managers. Project Scope In a multinational work place, the working groups are often polarized and they often have issues with interacting with each other. There are often issues with the understanding of the roles and responsibilities in a global team, which often leads to misunderstandings that reduces the operational efficiency. This project strives to provide effective solutions that are based in the practical implementation of the global team management. The project scope measures the implementation of the initiatives in a transparent environment so that there can be project success. The implementation of the solutions in companies belonging to same geographical domain is outside the scope of this research. Literature Review As defined by Thomas and Peterson (2017), thecross cultural team management is concerned with themanagement of the work teams in such a manner that it addresses the differences in the practices, preferences and cultures of the consumers in a global context. The earlier assignment focused on the important issues that are faced by the cross border managers in an international context. The global teams operate in a challenging work environment where there are inadequate interactions with each other. The initiation of the internet and the related technologies has led to an increase of the cross border teams. However, there are certain issues associated with the global team functioning. There is perception of power among the global teams and there is often much indifference that comes up between them (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014). There are instances when there are an increased number of stereotypes and there are situations when there are cultural stereotypes involved. There are issues with the employee engagement initiatives and there are instances of linguistic barriers between the global teams located in different geographical domains. The managers often complain that there are losses in the coordination and they often lack the vision to manage the cross-border teams. There are instances of technical communication glitch and there are also instances of lack of participation of the team members in increasing the organizational productivity. As commented by Katzenbach and Smith (2015), one of the most unique solutions of solving global teams issues are treating the team as one and preventing the competition among the same team in the same organizations. It is important to eliminate the I parameter and instead focus on the cohesive teams. There should be more emphasis on the team building activities and the teams should not be limited to particular geographical locations only. The teams should comprise of the employees belonging to different geographical locations but working in the same project or for the same division. It is important to increase collaboration so that there is a feeling of togetherness among the cross border employees (Bui et al. 2016). The global team owners should inform their team about all the possible happenings in the organizations. If the employees are well informed about the important decisions of the management, then there are less likely to be clashes in the team. The knowledge transfer and en lightening is important for efficient functioning of the remote team (Reiche, Mendenhall and Stahl 2016). This can be done through the use of different telecommunications network. It is also important to do foster regular communication over the virtual network. Most of the challenges would be sorted out if the team interact more with each other on a regular basis. Cole, Balcetis and Dunning (2013) argued that the perceived proximity is important for mitigating the various discontinuities of the virtual factor of the global teams. The employees often presume that there are issues with the perceived proximity. But, the perceived proximity gives a sense of co-location benefits while the employees do not have to have to work from one particular location. The employees should be made to believe that the employees located in other geographical locations are their peers from whom they can gain sufficient guidance. The managers should strive to make an environment of trust among the global teams so that there is minimal conflict in the team. Research Question/ Hypothesis The following would be the research questions for this particular research- What would be the possible solutions of the cross border management issues? How are the managers likely to solve the issues of global teams? How can the global teams lead to better organizational efficiency? Research Design and Methodology This research would involve the use of the mixed research method in which there would be usage of both Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research. The combination method would help in better collection of data and there would be improved quality of data. Data Collection Method The qualitative research would be performed with the study of the literature, online sources, online publications, company official websites, government records and other relevant online sources. The quantitative research would take place with the help of online surveys and face to face interviews. Target participant The employees from the age group of 25-45 years would be considered from this research. Only the employees of multinational companies would be considered for the purpose of data collection. The managers who are handling the cross border teams would be used for the purpose of this research. Sample Size The sample size for this research is 70 and it would be based on simple random sampling. There would be multinational companies involved in the research and the participants would be chosen randomly from 5 companies. A sample of 14 employees would be selected from each of the five multinational companies and hence the total interviewed candidates would be 70. Research location The research would be performed in both online and offline locations. In the online research, the surveys would be sent over the emails and the employees of the organizations would be shared a survey link on which they can answer the questionnaire. The offline mode of research would be carried out with the help of multinational companies which would belong to different industries. The employees would be asked about their viewpoints on the topic and they would also be asked according to the questionnaires. This would enable the collection of data within limited time frame. Resources for research The resources required for this research would be questionnaires, computer, Google forms, email, telephone and others. It is also important to gather the contacts of the multinational companies from which the data collection would be done. Data Analysis The primary mode of data collection would be Microsoft Excel, in which the data from quantitative research would be analyzed (Anderson Sweeney and Williams 2014). The data analysis would be performed via the usage of pie-charts, charts, tables, bar graphs and scatter diagrams. The qualitative data analysis would be performed with the help of critical observation and analytical techniques. Ethical Standards The ethical considerations used in the research are as under (DeCamp et al. 2017)- No participants were forced for this research and all the correspondents have given their voluntary responses. The research data are handled in a confidential manner and they were not disclosed with a third party. There is no fabrication of data or falsification of the data and only real responses are recorded. Research Limitations The limitations of the research would commence when the research would be actually carried out. There are instances that there would be lack of reliable data for the quantitative research, which would make the survey ineffective (Velte and Stawinoga 2016). There are also chances of lack of availability of the global managers from which the best data can be collected. The project may not stick to the timelines and there would be unnecessary delay of the project. Time Schedule WEEK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 PROJECT ACTIVITIES Identification research rationale Aim and Objectives of research Research Questions Justification of research question Expected outcomes of research project Research Techniques Sample Size Sample approach Research Location Data Collection Data analysis Limitations of project Conclusion The cross border management of the teams is an important aspect of the global teams of modern times. It is important that the cross-border issues are managed in an urgent manner. This research aimed to provide solutions for the various problems associated with the cross border management. The global teams should be managed carefully so that there is an overall increase in the organizational productivity. It is also important to create a sense of belonging to the employees working in remote locations so that there are greater team cohesion. References Anderson, D., Sweeney, D. and Williams, T., 2014.Modern business statistics with Microsoft Excel. Nelson Education. Bui, H.T., Baruch, Y., Chau, V.S. and He, H.W., 2016. Team learning: The missing construct from a cross-cultural examination of higher education.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,33(1), pp.29-51. Carter, D.R., Seely, P.W., Dagosta, J., DeChurch, L.A. and Zaccaro, S.J., 2015. Leadership for global virtual teams: Facilitating teamwork processes. InLeading Global Teams(pp. 225-252). Springer New York. Cole, S., Balcetis, E. and Dunning, D., 2013. Affective signals of threat increase perceived proximity.Psychological science,24(1), pp.34-40. DeCamp, M., Crump, J.A., Sugarman, J., Todd, T., Walker, X. and Ali, A., 2017. 13 Existing and emerging ethical standards in global health education.Global Health Experiential Education: From Theory to Practice. Holmqvist, J. and Ericson, A., 2014. HOW GLOBAL TEAMS SHARE EXPERIENCESA STUDY OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. InDS 77: Proceedings of the DESIGN 2014 13th International Design Conference. Katzenbach, J.R. and Smith, D.K., 2015.The wisdom of teams: Creating the high-performance organization. Harvard Business Review Press. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Reiche, B.S., Mendenhall, M.E. and Stahl, G.K. eds., 2016.Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis. Thomas, D.C. and Peterson, M.F., 2017.Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Velte, P. and Stawinoga, M., 2016. Integrated reporting: the current state of empirical research, limitations and future research implications.Journal of Management Control, pp.1-46.

The Ecological Validity Essay Example

The Ecological Validity Paper Pennington and Hastie believed that jurors’ will construct a story to make sense of evidence and then return the verdict that has the ‘best fit’ with their story. P and H investigated whether the order of testimony had an effect on the jurors’ decisions. The sample used in this study consisted of 130 students from the University of Chicago.  The two story-telling strategies investigated in this study are; story order and witness order. Story order is when the Lawyers present evidence in the sequence that events occurred, and witness order is when lawyers present witnesses in the sequence they believe is most likely to persuade the jury (may not be the sequence in which the events occurred, also the benefits of primacy and recency effects are taken into account. Primacy effect is when for example out of a list of 10 words you are most likely to remember the first word; whereas the recency effect claims you are most likely to remember the last word. The study was a laboratory experiment, using independent groups design, with ps acting as jurors in a mock trial. The IV was the order of testimony and the DV was the verdict given. In individual cubicles ps listened to a tape recording of the stimulus trial and then responded to written questions. They were told to reach either a guilty or not guilty verdict on a murder charge. Ps were allocated to one of four conditions. In each condition, the same evidence was presented by the defence and prosecution, only the order of presentation changed (witness or story order). We will write a custom essay sample on The Ecological Validity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Ecological Validity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Ecological Validity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Results of the study showed that the prosecution were most likely to win (78% of guilty verdict) when they used story order and defence used witness order. Similarly, the defence were most likely to win when they used story order and the prosecution used witness order (only 31% guilty verdict).  Pennington and Hastie concluded that order of testimony does affect juror’s decisions. In particular, jurors are more easily persuaded by ‘story order’ than ‘witness order’. P and H also suggested that the reason why 80% of criminal court cases return guilty verdicts in the US is because prosecution lawyers tend to use story order and defence lawyers tend to use witness order. Lawyers use a variety of different techniques in order to persuade a jury, into convincing their client’s innocence. Various studies have been conducted into investigating the best techniques for persuading a jury, but the main issue with many of these studies is that they l ack ecological validity. The most common method used in studies investigating persuading a jury, is a laboratory experiment in the form of a mock trial. Mock trials are often used because, people outside of the jury are not allowed into the jury room due to confidentiality of the legal process. One of the main issues with the use of mock trials is that participants often make an individual decision concerning the verdict of the trial, and are sometimes even asked to give a rating of their belief of the defendant’s guilt. For example in Edwards and Bryan, both of these issues occur, each individual participant gives a verdict as well as a number of ratings concerning their beliefs about the defendant’s guilt or innocence and their views about an appropriate sentence. As in a real court case the jury is only asked to give a verdict of guilty of innocent, which is made in a group decision, the study lacks ecological validity. Another problem with using mock trials is that there is a lack of consequence, meaning the result/verdict given by the participants has no effect on the trial, as in Pennington and Hastie’s study on the effect of order of testimony on jurors’ decisions. Due to the lack of pressure of wrongfully committing someone of a crime/vice versa as well as the lack of emotional stress associated with serving on a jury in a court room. The study is said to lack ecological validity as it cannot be applied to the real world. Mock trials often present the evidence in various ways, for instance in Pennington and Hastie’s study, the evidence is presented to the participants in individual cubicles, where they listen to a tape recording of the stimulus trial. Another form in which evidence is presented is in Cutler, ps are shown a videotaped robbery trial and in Edwards and Bryan, ps are given a transcript of an actual murder trial in California. Although in Edwards and Bran the transcript is taken from an actual case, the study is still lacking in ecological validity as it is a very different way of gathering data on the trial through a transcript or videotape than it being presented by a lawyer in court. Often small unrepresentative samples are used due to the use of opportunity sampling. For example in Edwards and Bryan 74 university students are used, as they are all students, the sample is unrepresentative of a typical jury and therefore lowing the ecological validity of the study.  Another way in which persuading a jury, can be investigated is via â€Å"shadow jury†, this is an alternative to mock trials, and consists of a group of participants who â€Å"shadow† i.e. sit in on a case/trial and at the end come to a verdict themselves, and seeing if their opinions are conclusive with the juror’s. Although there are certain advantages to this method such as an improved ecological validity as the participants receive the same amount of evidence as a real jury, presented in a real manner. However the study still lacks ecological validity due to the lack of consequences, i.e. no pressure of wrongfully committing an innocent person and vice versa.  Overall research into persuading a jury is often very lacking in ecological validity due to the laboratory method often used in the form of a mock trial. As these studies have a very low ecological validity, the studies lack applicability to the real world and have low validity in results.

Writing Law Essay Sample

Writing Law Essay SampleThere are many ways to obtain a law essay sample. The best option would be to find one that you have a passion for, but there are a number of guides and samples on the internet. The most popular way is to use the internet as it offers a way to research and the software allows you to test out your ideas without having to bring anything to the actual writing task.It is a good idea to go through the samples and read everything. Once you know what you want to do, you can check for sample law essays and see if they interest you.These articles databases contain samples, and it is only a matter of time before you find the one that fits you. The best thing about it is that if you find the wrong sample, you can always refer back to the sample that is on the website. There are a number of sites that offer these to help you write the essay. You can ask an English teacher, an English professor or even yourself.Another great resource is the law writing sample books that ar e available. These books give you a lot of information on various law topics. Asking questions about the book is a great way to test out the ideas you will use. These samples allow you to brainstorm and as you write, you are able to see where you can make improvements.With some time and patience, you should be able to come up with the main idea. By being honest about your personality, you can work through the ideas you have. One of the biggest things to remember is that it is important to write from your heart. Take your time and ask questions before you move on to the next topic.Most writers find that their first draft will include a section that is not necessary. This is something that the sample that is available to you does not have. Using the free sample is very important. It allows you to get into the flow of the essay and also allow you to see what the ideas you wrote are like.Now that you have an idea of how you will do the essay law sample, all you need to do is to read it. Be honest with yourself. Don't put too much pressure on yourself to do well in the first attempt. Once you have completed the sample and you are happy with the essay, then the next step is to get feedback from a friend or family member that is more experienced in writing the essay.

Competition in Energy Drinks Case Essay Example

Competition in Energy Drinks Case Essay Example Competition in Energy Drinks Case Essay Competition in Energy Drinks Case Essay Essay Topic: Competition Within the drink industry companies like Pepsi and Coca Cola were utilizing alternate drinks as a manner to counter the effects of the diminution of ingestion of carbonated drinks. This in bend will assist them prolong volume. These two big companies were working difficult to spread out their alternate market line by presenting athleticss drinks. energy drinks. and vitamin drinks. One of the largest issues at manus is the force per unit area to halt bring forthing these harmful drinks. people felt that they had a negative impact on your organic structure and believed their schemes promoted foolhardy behaviour. Even though this was go oning they had to maintain forcing through to be really successful. Gross saless began to increase every bit good as market portion which introduced several new trade names to the alternate drink industry. In the alternate drink industry competition is fierce. Some of the major factors that play a function are merchandise invention. distinction ; make trade name trueness based on gustatory sensation. the drinks image. advertisement. and sponsorships. Many of these companies like Hansen and Red bull sponsored events to advance their trade name. The strongest of the 5 competitory forces within the industry is that of permutation. Pepsi and Coca Cola made their merchandises available to clients with easiness forcing other companies out of concern. The weakest of the 5 forces is purchaser dickering power. Buyers do non hold much control over the monetary values at which these drinks are being sold. If they were looking for an energy drink they would hold to pay the high monetary values. Buyers are get downing to go more trade name loyal so they will purchase at high monetary values more frequently. Companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi seem to do the industry less attractive for new entrants. Reason is because they both are good established with good trade name acknowledgment. Consumers will most likely ever choose the trade name they are familiar than new unfamiliar trade names. The market for energy drinks is worsening. gross revenues are down. and the market has matured. Over the following 5 old ages drivers of alteration will non decelerate down companies like Coca Cola. Pepsi. or Red Bull. Alternatively of looking to vie on monetary value. volume. or market portion additions it looks like they will look into merchandise inventions to increase gross revenues. At this point clip drivers of alteration will most likely maintain the alternate drink unattractive for smaller companies. Pepsi and Coca Cola are able to counter the downswing the economic system because of the wide scope of merchandises they have. Red Bull on the other manus has merely a few merchandises and gross revenues are enduring. A few recommendations for the larger companies are as follows. Coca Cola does really good in the carbonated drink industry but is manner behind in the alternate drink industry. They can make some research on states where they want to sell their merchandise and see what consumer really want. By making this they could make a merchandise that will appeal to local consumer gustatory sensations. Pepsi Co. has done truly good in the alternate drink industry but has introduced a new line of energy drinks ( Charge. Rebuild. Defend. and Bloodshot ) that I have neer heard of. It would be in their best involvement to make an ad run to consumers. Red Bull on the other manus merely needs to spread out their merchandise line. They are concentrating chiefly on their original spirit still and that may be a ground why gross revenues are diminishing.

Raising HCAHPS Scores. Annotated Bibliography Essay

Raising HCAHPS Scores. Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example Bower, K. A. (2009). Managing Care: The Crucial Nursing–Case Management Partnership. Nurse Leader 26-29. This article does not explicitly dwell on the improvement of HCAHPS scores in a hospital. However, the article introduces the concept of case management and its relationship with the cost benefits that an institution accrues once it implements effective and efficient case management in its operations. In this case, the author identifies the goals to effective case management as laying emphasis on clinical outcomes, satisfaction of patients, and compliance goals, which are elements that have a relationship with the importance of raising HCAHPS scores in an organization. Importantly, the author related the importance of effective case management with the financial incentives that an organization accrues. The author indicated that Medicare’s Recovery Audit Contractor program retracted more than $800 million from acute hospitals in three states during a demonstration project, although the program is now in practice in all the states. Hence, this implies that effective case management, which is associated with nursing and quality of care, is an important aspect of ensuring financial incentives in a hospital. On the other hand, improving effective case management improves the quality of care and has an effect on the improvement of HCAHPS scores in a hospital. ... tes to the clinical process, which accounts for 70% of the performance score while the remaining percentage is the patient experience domain, which is the basis for the HCAHPS score. In line with this, Cliff highlights the cost benefits aspect of including these measures in provision of incentives to a hospital that provided quality care. Cliff not only highlights the importance of improving the quality of care by raising HCAHPS scores in a hospital, but also discusses the existence of financial rewards associated with the raising of these scores. Elliot, M. N., Lehrman, W. G., Goldstein, E., Hambarsoomian, K., Beckett, M. K., & Giodano, L. A. (2009). Do Hospitals Rank Differently on HCAHPS for Different Patient Subgroups? Medical Care Research and Review 67(1): 56-73. The authors take a patient-centered approach towards establishing HCAHPS measures while precisely focusing on the aspect of patients’ experiences in a hospital setting. The authors describe the reliability of pa tient-reported measures within the hospital levels, which is through investigating the extent of observable differences within a hospital setting and their representation as true differences in experiences. Using patients’ experiences in nine measures, the researchers used the experiences of 1,203,229 patients discharged from hospitals around the country between 2006 and 2007 with these patients being a blend of patients who visited acute and critical access hospitals. Importantly, the researchers found out that raising HCAHPS scores in the hospital setting is crucial in measuring the distinction of the quality of care in a hospital and this distinction contributes to high reliability in a hospital setting. In effect, these researchers bring out the theory of high reliability in service design

GAP Inc Strategic Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GAP Inc Strategic Design - Research Paper Example Corporate level strategies are the decision that is being taken by the top executives at the highest level. They are essentially the Managing Director of the board of directors. Once the decisions have been taken, it is then circulated to the various departments of the organization. Organization administrators have certainty about the long haul development capability of the brands and will reaffirm their aim to stretch through topographies and channels including the claim to fame, on the web, outlet, and franchise. The organization is affirming it hopes to begin to franchise Old Navy in 2014 in key worldwide markets. Furthermore, it will consider expanding upon its prosperity with Gap in China by investigating, including organization worked Old Navy and Banana Republic stores in this critical market. Murphy and organization pioneers are examining the chances to proceed with the development of its rising brands – Athleta, Piperlime, and Intermix – in North America. GAP e ssentially plans to build on their product value and hence increase the sales so that they can generate the required revenues. They have a long-term corporate strategy on expanding in the North American Regions. Since there has been a recent drop in the sales of apparel in physical stores, they have shifted their focus to building up an effective digital strategy and have started selling their products online. They have the additional advantage of being a multi-brand outlet with the acquisition of the Banana Republic and Old Navy.