Financial Markets and the Economy - Free Essay Example

In Greece the government dept and the money owed to pension funds, summing up to 1,2 trillion was becoming a huge burden . All the national services were running on a deficit and they were showing great inefficiency. In addition to this, corruption was obvious in every sector and tax evasion was more than a common practice. Generally Greek banks followed a very conservative strategy and did not invested in high yield assets nor did they get involved in the toxic real estate mortgage bonds market in the US. In this environment, Greek banks had lend Greece 30 billion Euros that had been stolen and squandered. Seeking to buy high yield bonds, Greek banks invested in promising GGB and now but a 20-25 % decrease in the price of the bond is enough to wipe out the 25% of the Greek Banks equity. With Mr. Papandreou going public about the real dept of Greece, yield rates increased and the Greek bonds lost their value. Greeces debt is rated as BBB- (SP), A2 (Moodys) and BBB- (Fitch) and the European Central Bank (ECB) may not accept Greek debt securities as collateral any longer after the end of the year, creating a big problem on liquidity. As a result if the Greek Government defaulted on its debts, the Greek banks would go bankrupt. Greece is still believed to be the most possible member in the euro Area to default due to sovereign crisis. The results for the Greek Economy and its existence in the global market would be catastrophic (inability to pay for its necessities and inability to borrow money from the markets with a rational interest rate). Similarities between Portugal and Greek Financial Crisis Portugal is a similar country that was running on deficits although the problem isnt as hard as in Greece. Portugal faces public sovereign problems and this puts extreme pressure on Portugals banks. Although Portugals solvency is not in question, its debt affordability over the medium term and the economys ability to withstand fiscal consolidation downgrades its credit rating. On February 4, 2010 Portugal attempted to sell T-bills although it didnt managed to receive the expected number of bidders. One part of the problem has been the investors punishment in the Greek bonds issuing, as bonds plunged and yields rocketed. The cost of insuring Portugals sovereign debt against a default rocketed at November 2010 and speculation implied that the country may have to follow Greece and Ireland in seeking an international financial bail-out. Portugals credit ratings are better than Greeces and this poses Portugal not at risk of refinance its operations, however they should proceed in cuts in public spending, a move that was not welcomed by the people. To balance the budget the only way is to increase revenues or to cut expenses. Higher revenues can be succeeded by higher growth or higher taxes. In Greece as we know tax evasion and corruption in bureaucracy have been a burden in implementing an efficient plan. While Portugal is doing better than Greece in terms of controlling its budget deficit and public debt, its poor long-term growth prospects, drastic loss of competitiveness imply low expectations for growth. Moreover, Portugals reliance on Spain-itself vulnerable-as a market for 25 percent of its exports, adds to the contagion risk. The Portugal Banks are facing challenges and they have to rely on governmental support. The inability of government to support the Portuguese banks has led to the downgrade of the debt ratings. Ireland Crisis Ireland Financial crisis was created inside the country and could be considered home-made. It started in a period when globally there was an era of growth. Financial integration in the Euro area allowed financial institutions in Ireland to access cross border funding. And based on that, Ireland experienced a significant financial boom. Living standards rose by far, and that is what happened with asset values. The boom in property investment market was certain, but fiscal and banking policies and financial supervision should have been prepared for a bust. But in fact, budgetary policy veered more toward spending money while revenues came in. In addition to this, the tax pattern created a lot of troubles since it was connected to property and spending and Ireland had an unusual system with tax deductibility for mortgages, and significant and distortive subsidies for commercial real estate development, yet no property tax. Moreover competition from abroad increased and the need for bank governance and risk management was crystal clear. IMF and ECB were not very critical of the policies followed and no measures were taken there to let room for man oeuvre. Lending in property and especially commercial property and individuals had increased in a level that imposed high risks. The response of supervisors to the build-up of risks, despite a few praiseworthy initiatives that came late in the process, was not hands-on or pre-emptive. In 2007 a decline in Irish property values and the Freezing up of the worlds interbank system, showed that the Banking system would face problems in order to finance its operations. This implied threat of Banks default, caused the governments intervention in order to bail them out. Anglo Irish Bank exposed to the Irish property bubble, and been involved in scandal in 2008 had a major drop on its share price. Ireland had entered into recession in the beginning of 2009 and unemployment rose by 3 degrees. The residential and commercial property markets went into a severe slump with both sales and property values collapsing. The Government in order to face the recession started taking controversial measures that evoked an unexpected public outcry. However the cost of saving the Banks pushed the National Debt to 125% (by 2015). As we can see, these are two different debt structures. In the first case the problem was caused by fiscal imbalances that drove banks into the black hole and in the second case the problem started as a banking crisis that evolved into a sovereign debt crisis. 2. Describe and elaborate on the term Greek statistics. What is the role of Goldman Sachs? The term Greek Statistics stands for the effort the Greek statistical authorities did to disguise the huge budget deficits the Greek government created. Creative accounting took priority when it came to totting up government debt. For all the benefits of uniting Europe with one currency, the birth of the euro came with an original sin: countries like Italy and Greece entered the monetary union with bigger deficits than the ones permitted under the treaty that created the currency. Rather than raise taxes or reduce spending, however, these governments artificially reduced their deficits with derivatives. Since 1999 and the Maastricht treaty no country-member of the European economic union- should exceed the budget deficit limit of three percent, while total government debt must not exceed 60 percent. The Greeks have never managed to stick to the 60 percent debt limit, and they only adhered to the three percent deficit ceiling with the help of blatant balance sheet cosmetics. After recalculating the figures, the experts at Eurostat consistently came up with the same results: In truth, the deficit each year has been far greater than the three percent limit, when in 2009 it exploded over 12 percent. Greeces budget deficits had been badly understated. In order to lower them, all sorts of expenses, like pension debt or defense expenditures, were moved out of the books. This way Greece managed to retain the deficits so as to meet the targets. Nevertheless, Greece would be able to disguise its true financial state for only as long as lenders assumed that a loan given was as good as guaranteed by the European Union and no one outside of Greece paid much attention. Therefore, professional aid was necessary to achieve it. Here, in 2001, entered Goldman Sachs, which engaged in a series of apparently legal but nonetheless repellent deals designed to hide the Greek governments true level of indebtedness. Goldman Sachs first helped Greece to borrow billions of Euros in secret, and then told it how to get round the European restrictions on public debt. The deal involved so-called cross-currency swaps in which government debt-issued in dollars and yen- was swapped for euro debt for a certain period to be exchanged back into the original currencies at a later date. Such transactions are part of normal government refinancing. Europes governments obtain funds from investors around the world by issuing bonds in yen, dollar or Swiss fr ancs. But they need euros to pay their daily bills. Years later the bonds are repaid in the original foreign denominations. In the Greek case however, the US bankers devised a special kind of swap with fictional exchange rates. That enabled Greece to receive a far higher sum than the actual euro market value of 10 billion dollars or yen. In that way Goldman Sachs secretly arranged additional credit of up to $1 billion for the Greeks. This credit disguised as a swap didnt show up in the Greek debt statistics. Eurostats reporting rules dont comprehensively record transactions involving financial derivatives. That deal, hidden from public view because it was treated as a currency trade rather than a loan, helped Athens to meet Europes deficit rules while continuing to spend beyond its means. Critics say that such deals, because they are not recorded as loans, mislead investors and regulators about the depth of a countrys liabilities. Wall Street did not create Europes debt problem. But bankers enabled Greece and others to borrow beyond their means, in deals that were perfectly legal. Few rules govern how nat ions can borrow the money they need for expenses like the military and health care. The market for sovereign debt the Wall Street term for loans to governments is as unfettered as it is vast. While such accounting gimmicks may be beneficial in the short run, over time they can prove disastrous. Still, as recently as 2008, Eurostat, the European Unions statistics agency, reported that in a number of instances, the observed securitization operations seem to have been purportedly designed to achieve a given accounting result, irrespective of the economic merit of the operation. The involved parties became so experts in these transactions that the term Greek Statistics became a pun among the European Fiscal Authorities to describe any data that have been manipulated. A country, like a bank, is too big to fail. So Greece will be rescued at a price. The European Central Bank claims to know all about Wall Streets game, and ECB president Jean-Claude Trichet is taking a very hard line with the Greek government, warning that Greece will have to take vigorous steps to mend its ways, under close and constant EU supervision. In other words, hand over control of its economic affairs a nd reduce its 2009 deficit 12.7% of GDP to 3% by 2012. To cut the deficit by almost 10%, particularly in an area of weak growth, is an almost impossible task, requiring major surgery rather than discipline. Oddly enough, the aim of the exercise is to strengthen the euro at the very time when the US and China are devaluing their currencies in order to consolidate the process of recovery. 3. In what way does the Greek crisis affect the European Banks and other countries? Provide evidence on the existence of financial contagion during the recent financial turmoil? The integration of the Euro Area and the use of the common currency in the Euro Zone create a big dependence and a big concern towards the financial crisis in Greece. The Greek Financial crisis may have a negative effect on its euro partners and may affect even the healthiest and strongest economies like Germany. In the table below we can see the European banks exposure to Greece. EUROPEAN BANKS As we see Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Belgium and Portugal are holders of GGB. According to CIRA, over 50% of the Greek public debt is held abroad. French Banks have the greatest exposure to Greece ($79 bn), followed by Switzerland ($78,6 bn) and Germany ($43,2 bn). In this way they have been infected with the Greek Dept and they face losses as GGB downgrade. INFLATION Indirectly, the European Union affects the biggest members negatively. By keeping interest low to help countries like Greece in danger from sovereign debt, it increases liquidity in the Eurozone and creates opportunities for cheap lending for other countries. And this is a problem as Germany is diverging from countries that face economic turbulences like Greece Italy and Spain. Germany for the first time has expanded by 3,6% compared to 2009 and the inflation rose unexpectedly pushing the euro rate above 2%. Price stability, a major target of the EU, is been tested, however there is the danger that withdrawing money from the market will create panics and push up interests rates, exacerbating the crisis. Credit Risk Spread Since the belief that countries facing similar problems (ex Portugal) may default, negative trends in the market are formed and risk yields increase. An additional problem is that banks having invested in GGB may need to seek finance from the government and that transfers the risk to the state and finally to the taxpayer. Generally the problem derives from the downgrade of Greek Bonds that currently are in foreign hands (European Banks and other financial institutions hold more than 50% of the Greek Government Bonds). This way the Greek sovereign debt crisis directly affects all the euro zone. Financial contagion The risk here lies in Bulgaria and Romania, where Greek banks own 29% and 16% of banking sector assets. If Greek banks lost access to funding, that might encourage them to shrink their balance sheets in these two countries rather aggressively, putting downward pressure on growth there. Real contagion The role of the European Union is to propel price price stability throughout its members. There is an implicit need for actions to be taken in order to achieve this goal. If Eurozone falls due to to untreated rising sovereign risk or due to widespread fiscal tightening to address the rising sovereign risk, this will make banks very cautious concerning their balance in the region, and potential potential growth will suffer. Trade: With the need for low interest rates ECB have increased the amount of money in circulation and that makes the Euro more expensive towards the Dollar and the Yen. Consequently the demand for imports will be increased and the demand for exports will be decreased. Concuding Advanced economies have suffered large scale costs in the aftermath of the crisis.. A sharp decline in potential GDP and sizable bank rescue packages are likely to constrain the scope of scale consolidation over the coming years. At the same time, developed countries may be facing increasing risks to long-run debt sustainability if they fail to undertake structural reforms, particularly in their pension and healthcare systems. These circumstances suggest that, although defacto sovereign defaults may be a mere theoretical possibility, findings convey considerable policy implications in terms of European and global sovereign debt management policies. The main message is that, since sovereign debt markets involve asymmetric information and political risks due to the electoral cycle, even countries with relatively solid fundamentals cannot avoid international contagion. Furthermore, stronger commitments to the supranational coordination of debt policies may be inevitable. (Sovereign Cred it Risk Contagion in Advanced Economies, Norbert Metiu, September 30, 2010) 4. Describe the Greek debt structure and the possible resolutions of the current situation. What is the markets view of the Greek deficit problem? Explain. Greek Government Debt is estimated at 301 billion at 2009, 125% of the GDP. At 2010 the amount of the debt will reach 136% of the GDP and as announced by the accounting authorities the amount reaches 340,3 billion. The increase in the government dept in the latter year can be attributed to the coverage of the government deficit and in the increase of governmental material procurement and the coverage of organization of Regional Authorities. The dynamics of the public debt is affected by factors that are inside the direct control of policy like the privatization policies and the target of running primary surplus and privatization are of, the interest rate changes, the pace of growth factors as yet who are not in the rate of exchange and inflation influencing economic policy, but practitioners of direct control the public debt dynamics Debt composition regarding expiration Most of the debt issued in the period January to September 2010 was loans from the EU and the IMF (45%). The second higher concentration is on Treasury Bills (short term maturity) reaching 23%. Afterwards come the midterm maturity bonds of 5 years maturity (15%), 10 years maturity (8%) and other undefined of about 9%. All debt is denominated in Euros. Debt composition regarding rate As we can see from the chart Greek Government debt is based in fixed rate. Duration of the debt and average cost of borrowing Last but not least, cost for Greek borrowing shows a trend by which from the time Greece entered the European Union in 2001 costs were steadily decreasing from 6,2% in 2000 to a lower limit of 3,1% reached in 2005 and then rising again up until now, but not surpassing 4,3% in 2010. This is due to the entry of euro as currency in Greece, that stabilized the economy and produced phenomenal stability in the area, stability that was once again lost when Greece misreporting became known and the term Greek Statistics has since been used as a pun by the European fiscal authorities. Finally we have to mention that Greece lost its ability to borrow in the long term. As the following diagram shows the majority of the total debt is based on shorter loans that offer less risk and can be sold more easily. However the difference between the supply and the demand in the 3 years bond implies that the prices for long term bond Resolution and the markets view Greece is on a strong recovery run. The new taxation bill which includes significant rerating of profitable -dividend paying companies lets taxation priced in for some companies. From 2011 the corporation tax rate is set at 20% (from 24%), it applies to all profits and there is no longer any distinction between distributed profits and retained ones. Finally it reintroduces withholding tax on dividends at 25% (from 10%). The Greek government and the EU policy makers expect a comprehensive solution to the debt problem. Many scenarios are considered like the extension of lending facility, IMF package reprofiling, bond buy back program and more. The most likely scenario up to now seems to be an extension of the duration of the EU/IMF loan, something already discussed and agreed on, and maybe a lower rate of interest in the future if Greece manages to successfully restructure its operations in the manner the European Union imposes. If Greece becomes another last resort buyer for the GGBs with the ECB it could help restore confidence in the bond markets. However, for this and to meaningfully reduce the burden of debt, Greece must borrow hefty sums. Also some other problems, even if Greece gets to buy back most of its debt at a significantly lower price, still it is enormous, an unsustainable level, and this scenario of buying back the ECB holding of Greek debt only could imply haircuts for other holders, something that Both the Greek and the European financial system may not be willing to absorb now, while any buy back must be voluntary so as not to trigger the CDS. Nevertheless efforts must be made by the Greek fiscal authorities in order to improve the countrys financial picture. The new focus shifts towards structural reforms is more than welcome rather than pure austerity as it will promote growth. Yet this scenario may not come comprehensively. More austerity and structural reforms may be imposed for the financial aid to come, meaning more economic pressure. The third and final scenario would be not to involve in short term or medium term developments, something rather unlikely as it would mean that the sovereign crisis across Europe could escalate much further. The markets now have some reasons to be optimistic on Greece. To begin with now there is a base of operations to counter such phenomena, and major reforms are made to decrease deficits (pension plans). The government enjoys the support of the EU/ IMF and is committed to its austerity program and fiscal consolidation. There is a wish now for a permanent solution to the Greek debt problem. All these lead international investors to selectively look at Greek ideas again, especially deep value stocks as well as a cleansing up of the Greek system, where strong companies are to benefit from the closure of weak ones. Investors could properly return to Greece once they see that there is real improvement and commitment to change. An example that explains the former could be the new tax bill, a case where a government market friendly policy meets positive react from the markets..

Biography of John Trumbull, Painter of the American Revolution

John Trumbull was an early American painter known for his depictions of historical events related to the Revolutionary War. He was personally acquainted with many of the principle figures of the Revolution, having spent two years as an officer in the colonial army, which included a stint as a military aide to General George Washington. Trumbulls paintings tended to capture the drama of warfare and significant events including the presentation of the Declaration of Independence to the Continental Congress. Images created by Trumbull, including a set of large murals which adorn the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol, have defined how many Americans visualize the earliest days of the nation. Fast Facts: John Trumbull Known For: Artist who devoted himself to painting scenes from the American RevolutionBorn: June 6, 1756 in Lebanon, ConnecticutDied: November 10, 1843, New York, New YorkParents: Connecticut governor Jonathan Trumbull, Sr. and Faith Robinson TrumbullSpouse: Sarah Hope HarveyEducation: Harvard CollegeMost Famous Works: Four immense paintings hanging today in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol: The Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga, The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, The Declaration of Independence, and The Resignation of Washington. Early Life and Military Career John Trumbull was born June 6, 1756. As the son of Connecticuts colonial governor, he grew up in a privileged environment. Trumbull lost the use of one eye in a childhood accident, yet he was determined to learn to paint. He took some painting lessons from John Singleton Copley before attending Harvard. After graduating from Harvard at the age of 17, he taught school while trying to learn more about art. John Trumbull - Scanned 1855 Engraving. benoitb / Getty Images As the American Revolution began, Trumbull became involved and enlisted in the Continental Army. George Washington had seen some of Trumbulls sketches of enemy positions and took him on as an aide. Trumbull served in the army for two years before resigning in 1777. In 1780 Trumbull sailed for France. His ultimate destination, however, was London, where he intended to study with the painter Benjamin West. He traveled to London, where he began studies with West, but in November 1780 he was arrested by the British as an American rebel. Upon his release he returned to the continent, and then back to Boston. Painting the Revolution Following the end of the Revolutionary War, in late 1783, Trumbull made his way back to London and to Wests studio. He spent two years painting classical subjects before embarking on what would become his lifes work: painting scenes of the American Revolution. The Death of General Warren at Bunkers Hill by John Trumbull. Hulton Archive / Getty Images Trumbulls first effort, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunkers Hill featured the death of one of the great heroes of the American cause, Boston physician and patriot leader Dr. Joseph Warren. The painting, which was completed in the spring of 1786 under the tutelage of Benjamin West, was influenced by Wests own painting, The Death of General Wolfe at Quebec. The painting of the climactic action at Bunker Hill was noteworthy as Trumbull had been present that day, so in part he was painting from his own memory. Yet he included details that he admitted were inaccurate, such as a British officer trying to shield Warren. He justified that by noting that the officer had shown kindness to American prisoners. Return to America After leaving England and spending two years in France, he eventually returned to America in 1789. During the period when the federal government was based in Philadelphia he painted portraits of national figures. For a painting of the presentation of the Declaration of Independence he traveled to sketch men who had been present in 1776 (despite this attention to detail, his eventual painting included some men who had not been present). In the early 1790s, Trumbull took a job working as the private secretary to John Jay. While working for Jay he returned to Europe, eventually returning to America for good in 1804. Trumbull continued to paint, and a cataclysmic event, the 1814 burning of the U.S. Capitol by the British, led to his greatest commission. As the federal government contemplated rebuilding the Capitol, he was hired to paint four enormous paintings to decorate the rotunda. Each would measure 12 by 18 feet, and would feature scenes from the Revolution. The four paintings, which hang in the Capitols rotunda today, are The Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga, The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, The Declaration of Independence, and The Resignation of Washington. The subject matter was carefully chosen, as it deliberately included two great military victories balanced by the presentation of the Revolutionary ideals to the Continental Congress and the return of the nations heroic warrior, Washington, to civilian life. President Johnson speaking in front of a John Trumbull painting in the Capitol rotunda in 1965. Â   The large paintings were based on smaller originals completed years earlier, and art critics have maintained that the enormous versions in the Capitol are flawed. However, they have become iconic, and periodically serve as the backdrop to noteworthy public events. Legacy In 1831 the elderly Trumbull donated his unsold paintings to Yale College, and designed a building to house them, thus creating the first American college art gallery. He published an autobiography in 1841, and died in 1843, at the age of 87. Trumbulls paintings have lived on as symbols of Americas patriot spirit, and generations of Americans have essentially seen the American Revolution through his paintings. Sources: John Trumbull. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 15, Gale, 2004, pp. 316-317. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Selesky, Harold E. Trumbull, John. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution: Library of Military History, edited by Harold E. Selesky, vol. 2, Charles Scribners Sons, 2006, pp. 1167-1168. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Trumbull, John (1756–1843). American Eras, vol. 4: Development of a Nation, 1783-1815, Gale, 1997, pp. 66-67. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

The Masque Of The Red Death By Edgar Allan Poe - 1769 Words

When the term â€Å"isolation† is used, most people think of it as an action performed in solitude. It brings to mind an empty space in which one person resides, far from all others. However, isolation does not always occur in a singular sense. In â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† by Edgar Allan Poe, isolation is used by a large population as a means of safety. In â€Å"The Thing Around Your Neck† by Chimananda Ngozi Adichie, isolation occurs among crowds of people and even in the company of someone close to one’s heart. In both aspects, isolation serves to exemplify the broken portions of life. Isolation is a destructive force and as a theme, isolation serves to exemplify a particular viewpoint and worldview while serving as both a cause and effect.†¦show more content†¦Prince Prospero does not care for the outside world and leaves them to die at the plague’s hands. Poe details Prince Prospero’s response to the plague with,  "When his dominions were half-depopulated, he summoned to his presence a thousand hale and light-hearted friends from among the knights and dames of his court, and with these retired to the deep seclusion of one of his castellated abbeys.† (Poe) Prince Prospero makes no effort to aid his people, instead, isolating himself and his friends to seek protection from the disease. Isolation plays a powerful role here in providing a means of protection that ultimately proves false when the Red Death itself comes into the abbey and all succumb to it. Isolation also serves to prove the failings of self-importance in that no one is above one another. In attempting to shield only themselves, those in the court exhibited a selfish importance that isolation fails to corroborate. Even isolating themselves, Prince Prospero and his courtiers fall victim to the Red Death the same as the rest of the world. As a theme in â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†, isolation does not equate protect ion and to seek it with a self-important worldview is to bring destruction to yourself. In seeking isolated protection, Prince Prospero is thus exposed in his cowardice and is proven as equal to those dying outside the walls, for he falls victim to the Red Death as well.Show MoreRelatedThe Masque Of The Red Death By Edgar Allan Poe Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is a well known profound writer because of his great works of fiction through short stories and poetry. Often times inciting fear and suspense into readers by the use of tone and subject in a various literature ways. Evidently in stories such as The Masque of the Red Death, The Tale-Tell Heart, and The Raven being that they are all well known. Poe an unforgettable writer, because of his horror stories and writing style has created stories and poems that are classical and often spokenRead MoreThe Masque Of The Red Death By Edgar Allan Poe2034 Words   |  9 Pagesatmosphere exudes a dream-like quality, which calls into question if the events are simply a product of one’s imagination. This situation is comparable to that of â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† by Edgar Allan Poe. Originally published in 1842, this narrative tells the story of a wealthy noble, Prince Prospero. An extremely deadly plague, the Red Death, has devastated the land, and Prince Prospero invited a group of a thousand friends to one of his abbeys to hide away from the disease. 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The Government Into A Viable Operating Legislation

If James Madison were here today he would be pleased to see how his thinking has molded the government into a viable operating legislation. Using the policy procedures depicted in All Roads Lead to Congress: the $300 billion fight over highway funding by Costas Panagopoulos and Joshua Schank, this essay will identify key areas within the amendment process of the â€Å"Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act – A Legacy for Users† (SAFETEA-LU), where James Madison’s beliefs are represented. The form of checks and balances within the legislation, along with the development of factions and what they can accomplish, discussed in Article No. 10 and 51 of The Federalist Papers mirrors the topics within in All Roads Lead to Congress. Excerpts from The Federalist Papers No. 10 and 51 show that James Madison was telling his fellow countrymen what he envisioned as a sustainable form of government; controlling factions within the majority and minority parties, the need of a republic form of government instead of a pure democracy, and establishing a form of checks and balances by a separation of power within the legislation. In his essays, James Madison discusses one of the most dangerous but extremely necessary creatures of government; factions. It is the government’s responsibility to quell factions and maintain a minimal divide between majority and minority groups. Within the opening chapters of All Roads Lead to Congress, the authors are able to show howShow MoreRelatedCommercial Space Launch Act Of 20041245 Words   |  5 PagesAMMENDMENT ACT of 2004 Mark-Jacob T. Bilon Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Worldwide Campus Instructor: Mr. Brian R. Fuller DEC 5, 2015 â€Æ' Abstract With the growing number of commercial space industry companies sharing the goal of developing and operating reusable launch vehicles (RLV) for commercial space travel for humans, Congress passed the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act (CSLAA) to help promote this growing industry and to establish clear regulations for the industry to develop and operateRead MoreMicrosoft: An Examination of Monopolies1023 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Microsoft: An Examination of Monopolies Introduction This paper examines the nature of monopolies and the anti-trust policies developed by the government to discourage them. It specifically considers Microsoft and the case brought against it by the Federal government to prevent its becoming a software monopoly. In many cases, the government is justified in pursuing such anti-monopoly policies to protect competition and by extension the consumer. 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Toyota’s global economic interdependence is essential to maximizing sales revenues by focusing on both purchasing vehicle parts and materials from specific countries and increasing marketRead MoreThe Court Hierarchy Of Australia1305 Words   |  6 Pagescommon with other countries that derive their legal and political system from England – such as Canada, India and New Zealand – Australia has three arms of government; the Legislature (consisting of democratically elected Members of Parliament, which make statute law); the Executive (which implement legislation and administer the affairs of government, consisting of The Queen, Governor-General, the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister and the Federal Executive Council); and the Judiciary, which isRead MoreEmanuel Medical Center1415 Words   |  6 Pageswas enacted; legislation that required access to emergency medical care for all, regardless of one’s ability to pay. Additionally, larger, for-p rofit managed care facilities were making substantial advances into EMC’s service area. Internally, the cost of operating the ED had increased significantly and patient traffic had vastly exceeded the capacity for which the ED had been designed. In addition, reimbursements for services from health maintenance organizations (HMO) and government programs hadRead MoreSwot Analysis : Apple As A Company And Their Products1085 Words   |  5 PagesApple is among the fastest growing company that has made itself a recognizable consumer name for electronics and gadgets. Investors have always looked forward for investing in Apple due to its strong revenue and high return on investment. Started operating as a traditional computer company, it has continuously come up with new ideas and products. Using the PESTEL analysis identifies the most significant external factors that Apple must include in addressing its remote or macro-environment. Finch saysRead MoreCybercrime And Internet Hacking And Its Effect On The Security Of The Internet1386 Words   |  6 Pagescontemporary life. â€Å"Internet hacking is the practice of modifying or altering computer software and hardware to accomplish a goal considered to be outside of the creator’s original objective.† (Merriam-Webster). Any individual, business, or even government with a computer is not safe from these computer criminals. So, the main question is: How do we fix this cybercrime that does millions of dollars in damage, and should we implement â€Å"ethical hacking† to improve the security of the internet? It isRead MoreAir Asia- Porters Five Forces866 Words   |  4 Pagesentry has to create so called brand loyalty. Hence, this is reducing treat to Air Asia too.( Roy L. Simerly) However, the government legislation is one of the barriers for entering airlines industry. For example, MAS has been protected by Malaysia government on the route to Sydney and Seoul Incheon. Therefore Air Asia find itself very difficult getting a new route from government. This not only affects the timeline set by Air Asia but also influence their profit. Power of suppliers Every industryRead MoreAllocating Financial Risk1196 Words   |  5 PagesThis memo examines the public private partnership used to develop the Pulkovo airport in St Petersburg, Russia. Pulkovo was the first airport to be developed in Russia using a PPP. The contract is between three parties: the St. Petersburg City Government, the Pulkovo Airport Company (100% city owned) and the Northern Capital Gateway Consortium (NCG), the airport operator with the duty of organizing the management and development of the airport. The contract started in April 2010 and will remainRead MoreEnvironmental Analysis1326 Words   |  6 Pagesspecialist designer, supplier, installer, and operator of systems that capture, extract and burn gas produced in landfills’ (L.G.I. Pty Ltd, 2014). L.G.I. Pty Ltd has several opportunities that could impact the company’s operations in Australia, such as government regulation, the number of councils and landfills available and the fact that all landfills require a solution to the landfill gas problem. However L.G.I. Pty Ltd also has several threats potentially impacting its operations, for example from large

School Uniforms And Public Schools - 1547 Words

â€Å"If it means that the schoolrooms will be more orderly, more disciplined,† President Clinton said, â€Å"and that our young people will learn to evaluate themselves by what they are on the inside instead of what they’re wearing on the outside, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms.† President Clinton is referring to the outfits or sets of standardized clothes that are worn primarily for an educational institution, usually in primary and secondary schools in various countries. When used, they form the basis of a school’s dress code, which is a set of rules, usually written and posted specifying the required manner of dress at a school. It began when schools had issues with grades and behavioral problems, but they didn’t want uniforms because it infringed upon individuality. The commotion began when the uniform movement began nearly four years ago when Long Beach, California became the nationâ₠¬â„¢s first public school district to require elementary and middle school students to wear uniforms. Since then, public schools from east to west have debated whether they’re beneficial or not, which has caused the controversy to heat up significantly. Even though requiring uniforms in public schools have been controversial throughout history, it continues to be an area of debate for school communities because research shows that uniform policies do provide benefits to schools, but there are also disadvantages that create unfavorable conditionsShow MoreRelatedSchool Uniforms And Public Schools1303 Words   |  6 PagesUniforms are an identifying outfit or style of dress worn by the members of a given profession, organization, or rank. (Dictionary.com) A typical uniform consist of dark pants or shorts for boys, skirt for girls, and a shirt or a blouse. Students can also buy and wear a T-shirt with the school logo but it is not common. School uniforms first became popular in the United States in the mid 1900’s and originated from England. The major movement towards uniforms in state schools began with PresidentRead MorePublic School Uniforms And Public Schools2077 Words   |  9 PagesPublic Schools Mandatory Uniforms The debate about public school uniforms in America is an issue that has been around for a very long time. This issue was even mentioned by President Bill Clinton in a previous State of the Union address in 1996. In his 1996 State of the Union Address, President Clinton decreed,† I challenge all of our schools to teach character education, to teach good values and good citizenship and if it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets,Read MoreSchool Uniforms And Public Schools2510 Words   |  11 Pages​ School uniforms in public schools may seem out of style to some student, but in many situation they can increase school spirit, class participation and student time Management. According to The American Humanist Magazine, in President Bill Clinton s 1996 State of the Union Address he requested that all 16,000 school districts to mandate a uniform guideline for its students. He stated that , If it means that juvenile will stop bloodshed each o ther over designer outfits of clothing brand, thenRead MoreUniforms in Public Schools1787 Words   |  8 PagesUniforms in Public Schools: A Positive Approach Towards the Future Since the late 1990s many public schools across the nation have opted to implement a stronger dress code policy which have involved the addition to a specific mandated uniform policy. While some critics of mandatory uniform policies believe that there is no justification for change, school uniforms offer educational benefits, improve student behavior, social interaction, and are more cost effective and durable than traditional streetRead MoreSchool Uniform Is Not A Public School Tradition Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesSchool uniform has been a rising issues throughout the country and the issue has been getting only bigger with the internet and social medial. School uniform was not a public school tradition but it was first famous among English charity schools in England. It was a blue coat like the one worn at christ’s hospital and it is known to be one of the earliest examples of school uniforms. They took â€Å"fatherless and poor children from the parish and educated the m(Scott). After a while it became aRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Be Public Schools968 Words   |  4 Pages School Uniforms Parents around the globe have emphasized the controversy over school uniforms. During the school year of 2011-2012, one in every five school required students to wear school uniforms. America s first documented schools to inaugurate uniforms were in Maryland and Washington. Throughout the previous years in America, there have been numerous disputes whether school uniforms should be in public schools. In the last 30 years, public schools have often been hostilely compared to privateRead MoreSchool Uniforms And The Success Of Public Schools1099 Words   |  5 Pages School uniforms are beneficial to students at all grade levels and can be a contributing factor in improving test scores, attendance and the graduation rate, while decreasing school violence and behavior issues. Research has proven significant connections between school uniforms and the success of public schools. In 1996 approximately three percent of all schools in the United States had a school uniform policy (Gentile Imberman, 2009) . In 2015 23% of schools reported a uniform policy (StatisticRead MoreMandatory School Uniforms For Public Schools2112 Words   |  9 Pagesbenefits is what mandatory school uniforms in public schools enforce. They take away the choice for young adults to express themselves through clothing styles. Uniforms are also costly due to not initially owning them, then the children not wishing to wear them or even being able to wear them outside of school grounds. These aspects are enforced because the administration believes it will benefit the students, but studies show otherwise. The use of mandatory school uniforms is not a progressive or usefulRead MoreSchool Uniforms are an Unnecessary Addition to Public Schools1060 Words   |  5 PagesSchool Uniforms are an Unnecessary Addition to Public Schools School Uniforms are being pushed more and more in schools, but what is commonly thought of when the words â€Å"school uniform† is said? For most people the picture of children in the same colored uniforms gathered in front of a Catholic Church or a private school is displayed in their mind. This picture is one of the many problems with school uniforms. Instead of being seen as an individual, students are seen as just another kid in aRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of School Uniforms in Public Schools2132 Words   |  9 Pagesof students’ attend public schools and face some sort of violence that is associated with that school. It can be gang related or just simply bullying in the school. Because of these rising issues, parents are being forced to pull their children out of public school and home school them for their safety. Is this the best action for the children? Will they be missing out on many life skills that are learned while attending schools with peers their own age? How can the schools make our children feel

Molecular Biology of the Cell Cardiovascular System

Question: Discuss about the Molecular Biology of the Cell for Cardiovascular System. Answer: Cardiovascular system consists of different parts like heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, coronary vessels and portal veins. Heart performs function of supplying oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Superior and inferior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from lung to the right atrium. This deoxygenated blood is emptied into the right ventricle by passing through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. From right ventricle this blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery through pulmonary valve for re-oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. Blood is purified in the lungs and this newly purified and oxygenated blood enters left atrium through pulmonary vein. This blood then passed through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From left ventricle blood is pumped to the different parts of the body through aortic semilunar valve and aorta which is main artery of the body. Aorta gives many branches called as arteries and these arteries supplies oxygenated blood to the all other body parts. Wall of aorta is elastic and this aid in maintaining blood pressure through entire human body. Aorta gives rise to arteries of larger size at its origin and its size goes on decreasing at the end. These arteries further become narrower into the arterioles which are small diameter blood vessel and these arterioles has muscular wall. These arterioles further branched into the capillaries and these capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the human body with one cell layer thickness. Diameter of these capillaries is around 5 10 m. These capillaries are the connecting link between arterioles and venules. These capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, nutrients and waste matter between blood and body tissues. Individual capillaries do not carry out this function; however network of capillaries those are supplying to the different tissues and organs perform this function of transport. Venules are the small blood vessel which supplies deoxygenated blood from the capillaries to the veins. Venules have the diameter in the range form 7-50 m. Walls of venules comprised of three layers such as inner endothelium, middle layer of muscle and el astic tissue and outer fibrous connective tissue. Many venules combine to form veins. These veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body tissues to the heart and pulmonary and umbilical veins are exception for this, as these veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart. Veins are also called as capacitance vessels because around 60 % blood volume is contained in the veins. Adult human body has about four to five liters of blood. Blood is a liquid connective tissue and performs the function of transport of nutrients, waste matter and gases and helps in maintaining homeostasis of the body. Blood is comprised of red blood cells, white blood cell, platelets and liquid plasma. Red blood cells are biconcave in shape and it performs the function of transport of oxygen in the blood. White blood cells functions as bodys immune system. Part 2. Respiratory system component Structure Function Trachea Is a cartilaginous tube, In Adult human inner diameter of trachea is about has 25 millimetres and a length is approximately 10 to 16 centimetres, trachea contains about 15-20 C-shaped tracheal hyaline cartilages. Trachea performs the function of transporting the air which person breaths in through nose to the lungs. Trachea also performs function of preventing entry of microbes and harmful substances into the lungs. Bronchus Trachea divides into right bronchus and left bronchus. In adult human, right bronchus is 2.5 cm long and left bronchus is 5 cm long Alveolar ducts and alveoli of bronchus contain squamous epithelium and it permits exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood in the blood vessels which spreads across the alveolar ducts and alveoli. Bronchiole Bronchi divide further into bronchioles. Bronchioles are approximately less than 1 mm in diameter and its wall consist of ciliated cuboidal epithelium and a layer of smooth muscle. Bronchioles carry oxygen from nose to the alveoli or air sacs in the lungs and stabilize ventilation. Constricting and expanding property of smooth muscular walls of the bronchioles help to control airflow and stop irritants from entering in the lungs. Lungs Human has right lung and left lung. Total weight of lung is approximately 1.3 kg. Lungs are located in the chest region in between rib cages. Right lung is divided in to three parts like upper, m idle and lower lobe. Horizontal fissure separates upper lobe form the middle lobe. Oblique fissure separates middle and upper lobe. Oblique fissure divides left lung into upper and lower lobe. Lung performs function of breathing in which air enters and leaves the lung. In respiration, oxygen is inhaled into the body through nose and expelled carbon dioxide from the blood. Air is inhaled into the lungs in inspiration and it is expelled put in expiration. This exchange of gas occurs at alveoli of lung. Lung performs function of protection from infection due to presence of clilia on the epithelium and contains mucous. Lung clears all the air-borne infection through a process called mucociliary secretion. Diaphragm Diaphragm is a dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle and fibrous tissue. Diaphragm performs important role in breathing. When diaphragm contract, thoracic cavity volume increase and air is drained into the lungs. Part 3. Digestive system component Structure Function Mouth Mouth contains salivary glands, teeth and the tongue. Vestibule and the oral cavity proper are the two regions of the mouth. Mouth is lined by mucous membrane. Moth performs function of chewing and breaking of food and mixing with saliva to make food more absorbable. Esophagus Esophagus is a muscular tube between pharynx and stomach. In adults its average length id 25 cm. Esophagus is divided into cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts. Esophagus transports food from mouth to stomach through muscular peristalsis. Stomach Stomach is J shaped organ and connects duodenum and esophagus. Stomach is divided into four sections like gastric cardia, fundus, body and pylorus. Gastric acid comprising of hydrochloric and sodium chloride, plays significant role in the digestive process. Pylorus aids in emptying food content in the small intestine. Small intestine Small intestine connects stomach to the large intestine. In human adults, average length of small intestine is around 7.0 m and diameter is around 2.5-3 cm. Small intestine is divided in to three parts like duodenum (approximately 20-25 cm long), jejunum (approximately 2.5 m long) and ileum (approximately 3.0 m long). Small intestine performs function of proteins, carbohydrate and lipids under the influence of photolytic enzymes, amylases and lipases respectively. Villi and microvilli present on the inner wall of the intestine facilitate absorption of nutrients. Gut flora in the intestine supports immune system of the body. Large intestine In human average length of large intestine is approximately 1.5 metre. It comprises of cecum (8.7 cm inner corcumference), colon, rectum (5.7 cm), and anal canal. Colon comprises of ascending (6.6 cm), transverse (5.8 cm) and descending colon (6.3 cm). Large intestine is specifically performing function of processing waste material. Alveoli Alveoli is a hollow cavity at the end of respiratory tree. Exchange of gases between lungs and blood. Nasal cavity Nasal cavity is a hollow space and the entry point of respiratory tract. It is lined with mucus membrane and hairs. Air enters into body and get filtered through nasal cavity. Larynx Hollw muscular organ between laryngopharynx to the trachea. Aid air passage to lungs. Epiglottis It is made of elastic cartilage present at entrance of larynx. It prevents aspiration. TAQ.2: Air is inhaled and exhaled in and out of the body through nose. At the time of inspiration oxygen enters into the body and during expiration carbon dioxide is thrown out form the body. This whole process is called as breathing or ventilation. When air is inhaled, diaphragm gets contracted and there is increase in the volume of thoracic cavity and decrease in the pressure in the thorax region which results in the enlargement of the lungs and this leads to the entry of the inhaled air along with oxygen into the lungs through trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. In trachea due to the presence of cilia and mucociliary action air and oxygen without contamination enters the lung. At the terminal end of the bronchiole alveolar ducts and sacs are present. These alveolar ducts and sacs are innervated with the blood capillaries. Surface of alveoli are main location for the gaseous exchange. Oxygen inhaled from the environment which is present in the alveolar duct and sacs passed through the alve olar capillaries into the blood stream through process of diffusion. This oxygenated blood enters the left atrium of the heart and pumped into left ventricle. From left ventricle blood is transported to different parts of the body through aorts, arteries. These arteries are innervated to different parts of the body and supply oxygen through the blood. Also carbon dioxide which is collected as waste product forms the different parts of the body comes into contact with the surface of alveolar ducts and sacs through alveolar capillaries. Superior and inferior vena cava collect deoxygenated blood from the lung to the right atrium and again pass on to the right ventricle. From right ventricle blood pumped into the pulmonary artery and carried to the lungs for re-oxygenation. This deoxygenated blood while transporting through lungs comes into contact with alveolar air and there is a very thin wall of approximately 0.5 m thickness present between blood and air. Hence, pressure of gas (PO2 and PCo2) in the blood automatically gets equilibrated with the alveoli. Increase in the PCo2 leads to the slight decrease in the PO2 and this result in the deep and faster breathing and inhalation of more oxygen until PO2 returns to normal level. On the other side if PCo2 falls and PO2 increases and this leads to the slower breathing and exhalation of carbon dioxide gets reduced. Gas exchange in the lungs mainly occurs through the process of diffusion that means gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide moves from the high concentration to the low concentration. If PO2 is less in alveoli, oxygen diffuse into alveoli and if PCo2 is more in blood capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuse into alveoli and exhaled through expiration. This carbon dioxide gets transported into the alveolar venules through diffusion. This carbon dioxide once entered into the alveoli, gets expelled out through the route of bronchiole, bronchi, trachea and nose. During this exhalation of carbon dioxide diaphragm gets relaxed and chest and abdomen returns to their elasticity directed position. This resting position of the thorax leads to the exhalation of the carbon dioxide. TAQ.3. Digestive enzymes are the enzymes which break down macromolecular polymers like fats, carbohydrate and proteins in to their smaller forms and convert them into easily absorbable form. Based on their target macromolecules enzymes can be classified as lipases which break down proteins into their peptides and amino acids, amylases break down polymeric carbohydrates into monomeric carbohydrates, lipases break down fats and lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Different parts of the digestive tract secrets different enzymes and these enzymes plays different role in the digestion of the food. Salivary glands in the mouth secrets different enzymes like lingual lipase, salivary amylase and lysozyme. Enzymes of the salivary gland perform both the functions of digestion of food substances and prevention of infection due to food. Stomach secrets gastric enzymes. Pepsin secreted by the stomach breaks down proteins into peptide and amino acids. This protein digestion for the first time starts in the stomach and digestion of carbohydrates and fays starts in the mouth. Gastric chief cells secrets gastric lipase which is an acidic lipase facilitates fat hydrolysis. Pancreatic juice of the pancreases secrets different enzymes like trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen carboxypeptidase and elastases are the proteolytic enzymes. Pancreatic lipases and amylase digest lipids and carbohydrate respectively. Pancreas also secrets sterol esterase and phospholipase. Some of the enzymes available in the small intestine are primarily secreted by the pancreas and transported to the small intestine through pancreatic duct. These enzymes enter the small intestine under the influence of cholecystokinin hormone. Across the lining of the small intestine there are many enzymes secreted and these enzymes digest chime form stomach into smaller particles which are more absorbable. Peptones and polypeptides get converted in to amino acids by erepsin. Maltose gets converted into glucose by maltase. Lactose gets converted into glucose and galactose by lactase. Sucrose gets converted into glucose and fructose by sucrose. Cardiovascular System: Cardiovascular system through its numerous blood vessels and blood transport important nutrients, oxygen, hormones and enzymes to cells in the entire body. Cardiovascular system also performs function of removing nitrogenous waste from the body and expelling carbon dioxide from the blood. Cells need oxygen and n the blood capillaries, oxygen diffuses out of the blood and transports in the cells of the human body. Cells required to remove carbon dioxide, gets absorbed into blood circulation transported to the lungs for purification. Cells requisite nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins. Blood supplies these nutrients to the cells. Respiratory system: Oxygen intake and removal of carbon dioxide is very essential for cells for normal functioning. Respiratory system inhale oxygen from the atmosphere through breathing. This inhaled oxygen enters lungs and oxygen enters into the blood capillaries (arteries). This inhaled oxygen through blood capillaries (arteries) transported to the cells present in the different parts of the body. Carbon dioxide exchange occurs between cells of the body and blood capillaries (venules). Carbon dioxide transported from the blood capillaries to the heart and subsequently to the lungs. From lungs carbon dioxide expeleeted through breathing. Gastrointestinal system: Every cell requires nutrients for their growth and maintenance. Digestive system brakes down the consumed food in the form of macromolecules into the smaller and easily absorbable particles. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins get digested into sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids, respectively. These sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids can be easily absorbed. This digestive process occurs both through mechanical and enzymatic means. This digested food material easily gets absorbed through the intestine as intestine is the main site for the absorption. Intestine contains villi and microvilli and this villus contains blood vessels and food gets absorbed. Absorbed food nutrient is transported to the cells through blood vessels. References: Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walters, P., Molecular Biology of the Cell , (4th ed.). New York and London, Garland Science, 2002. Tortora, G. J., Anagnostakos, N. P., Principles of anatomy and physiology, Seventh ed. New York, Harper Row, Publishers, 1993. Arthur, G. and John, H., Guyton Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11 th edn. Elsevier Saunders, 2006. Kong, F. and Singh, R.P, Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach, Journal of Food Science, vol. 73, no. 5, 2008, p. R67. Tortora, G. J., Anagnostakos, N. P., Principles of anatomy and physiology, Seventh ed. New York, Harper Row, Publishers, 1993. West, J.B., Respiratory physiology-the essentials. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins, 2011. Tortora, G. J., Anagnostakos, N. P., Principles of anatomy and physiology, Seventh ed. New York, Harper Row, Publishers, 1993.

Cross Cultural Team Management Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cross Cultural Team Management. Answer: The global teams often face the challenge of successfulmanagement of the cross-cultural teams. The global teams should have fairness, consistency and responsiveness as they have vast operations (Carter et al. 2015). There are different challenges that are being faced by the global teams such as different time zones, cultural differences, language backgrounds and limited face-to face interaction. The earlier assignment failed to identify the solutions for managing the challenges of managing the global teams (Holmqvist and Ericson 2014). It is important to understand the ways of creating strong portfolio teams. This research paper would strive to seek various ways of managing the global teams in a smooth manner. Project Objectives The project would aim to identify the various ways of smooth management of the cross-cultural teams. There are instances when the global managers either lack the time or lack the knowledge of better utilization of the cross border teams. This research aims to provide suitable answers to the problems faced by the global managers. Project Scope In a multinational work place, the working groups are often polarized and they often have issues with interacting with each other. There are often issues with the understanding of the roles and responsibilities in a global team, which often leads to misunderstandings that reduces the operational efficiency. This project strives to provide effective solutions that are based in the practical implementation of the global team management. The project scope measures the implementation of the initiatives in a transparent environment so that there can be project success. The implementation of the solutions in companies belonging to same geographical domain is outside the scope of this research. Literature Review As defined by Thomas and Peterson (2017), thecross cultural team management is concerned with themanagement of the work teams in such a manner that it addresses the differences in the practices, preferences and cultures of the consumers in a global context. The earlier assignment focused on the important issues that are faced by the cross border managers in an international context. The global teams operate in a challenging work environment where there are inadequate interactions with each other. The initiation of the internet and the related technologies has led to an increase of the cross border teams. However, there are certain issues associated with the global team functioning. There is perception of power among the global teams and there is often much indifference that comes up between them (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014). There are instances when there are an increased number of stereotypes and there are situations when there are cultural stereotypes involved. There are issues with the employee engagement initiatives and there are instances of linguistic barriers between the global teams located in different geographical domains. The managers often complain that there are losses in the coordination and they often lack the vision to manage the cross-border teams. There are instances of technical communication glitch and there are also instances of lack of participation of the team members in increasing the organizational productivity. As commented by Katzenbach and Smith (2015), one of the most unique solutions of solving global teams issues are treating the team as one and preventing the competition among the same team in the same organizations. It is important to eliminate the I parameter and instead focus on the cohesive teams. There should be more emphasis on the team building activities and the teams should not be limited to particular geographical locations only. The teams should comprise of the employees belonging to different geographical locations but working in the same project or for the same division. It is important to increase collaboration so that there is a feeling of togetherness among the cross border employees (Bui et al. 2016). The global team owners should inform their team about all the possible happenings in the organizations. If the employees are well informed about the important decisions of the management, then there are less likely to be clashes in the team. The knowledge transfer and en lightening is important for efficient functioning of the remote team (Reiche, Mendenhall and Stahl 2016). This can be done through the use of different telecommunications network. It is also important to do foster regular communication over the virtual network. Most of the challenges would be sorted out if the team interact more with each other on a regular basis. Cole, Balcetis and Dunning (2013) argued that the perceived proximity is important for mitigating the various discontinuities of the virtual factor of the global teams. The employees often presume that there are issues with the perceived proximity. But, the perceived proximity gives a sense of co-location benefits while the employees do not have to have to work from one particular location. The employees should be made to believe that the employees located in other geographical locations are their peers from whom they can gain sufficient guidance. The managers should strive to make an environment of trust among the global teams so that there is minimal conflict in the team. Research Question/ Hypothesis The following would be the research questions for this particular research- What would be the possible solutions of the cross border management issues? How are the managers likely to solve the issues of global teams? How can the global teams lead to better organizational efficiency? Research Design and Methodology This research would involve the use of the mixed research method in which there would be usage of both Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research. The combination method would help in better collection of data and there would be improved quality of data. Data Collection Method The qualitative research would be performed with the study of the literature, online sources, online publications, company official websites, government records and other relevant online sources. The quantitative research would take place with the help of online surveys and face to face interviews. Target participant The employees from the age group of 25-45 years would be considered from this research. Only the employees of multinational companies would be considered for the purpose of data collection. The managers who are handling the cross border teams would be used for the purpose of this research. Sample Size The sample size for this research is 70 and it would be based on simple random sampling. There would be multinational companies involved in the research and the participants would be chosen randomly from 5 companies. A sample of 14 employees would be selected from each of the five multinational companies and hence the total interviewed candidates would be 70. Research location The research would be performed in both online and offline locations. In the online research, the surveys would be sent over the emails and the employees of the organizations would be shared a survey link on which they can answer the questionnaire. The offline mode of research would be carried out with the help of multinational companies which would belong to different industries. The employees would be asked about their viewpoints on the topic and they would also be asked according to the questionnaires. This would enable the collection of data within limited time frame. Resources for research The resources required for this research would be questionnaires, computer, Google forms, email, telephone and others. It is also important to gather the contacts of the multinational companies from which the data collection would be done. Data Analysis The primary mode of data collection would be Microsoft Excel, in which the data from quantitative research would be analyzed (Anderson Sweeney and Williams 2014). The data analysis would be performed via the usage of pie-charts, charts, tables, bar graphs and scatter diagrams. The qualitative data analysis would be performed with the help of critical observation and analytical techniques. Ethical Standards The ethical considerations used in the research are as under (DeCamp et al. 2017)- No participants were forced for this research and all the correspondents have given their voluntary responses. The research data are handled in a confidential manner and they were not disclosed with a third party. There is no fabrication of data or falsification of the data and only real responses are recorded. Research Limitations The limitations of the research would commence when the research would be actually carried out. There are instances that there would be lack of reliable data for the quantitative research, which would make the survey ineffective (Velte and Stawinoga 2016). There are also chances of lack of availability of the global managers from which the best data can be collected. The project may not stick to the timelines and there would be unnecessary delay of the project. Time Schedule WEEK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 PROJECT ACTIVITIES Identification research rationale Aim and Objectives of research Research Questions Justification of research question Expected outcomes of research project Research Techniques Sample Size Sample approach Research Location Data Collection Data analysis Limitations of project Conclusion The cross border management of the teams is an important aspect of the global teams of modern times. It is important that the cross-border issues are managed in an urgent manner. This research aimed to provide solutions for the various problems associated with the cross border management. The global teams should be managed carefully so that there is an overall increase in the organizational productivity. It is also important to create a sense of belonging to the employees working in remote locations so that there are greater team cohesion. References Anderson, D., Sweeney, D. and Williams, T., 2014.Modern business statistics with Microsoft Excel. Nelson Education. Bui, H.T., Baruch, Y., Chau, V.S. and He, H.W., 2016. Team learning: The missing construct from a cross-cultural examination of higher education.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,33(1), pp.29-51. Carter, D.R., Seely, P.W., Dagosta, J., DeChurch, L.A. and Zaccaro, S.J., 2015. Leadership for global virtual teams: Facilitating teamwork processes. InLeading Global Teams(pp. 225-252). Springer New York. Cole, S., Balcetis, E. and Dunning, D., 2013. Affective signals of threat increase perceived proximity.Psychological science,24(1), pp.34-40. DeCamp, M., Crump, J.A., Sugarman, J., Todd, T., Walker, X. and Ali, A., 2017. 13 Existing and emerging ethical standards in global health education.Global Health Experiential Education: From Theory to Practice. Holmqvist, J. and Ericson, A., 2014. HOW GLOBAL TEAMS SHARE EXPERIENCESA STUDY OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. 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